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Project Quality Management
PMBOK Guide 葉明導讀
Project Quality Management n To ensure the project will satisfy the needs for it was undertaken n Processes include: 1. Quality Planning 2. Perform Quality Assurance 3. Perform Quality Control
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Accuracy n Correctness that the measured value is very close to the true value
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Attribute Sampling n The result confirms, or it does not n Inches, pounds
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Benchmarking n A tool of Quality Planning n Compare to others n To generate ideals for improvement and provide a basis by which to measure performance
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Cause and Effect Diagram n A tool of Perform Quality control n Also called Ishikawa diagram or fishbone diagram n Illustrates how various factors might be linked to potential problems or effects n To identify the root cause of the problem n To explore past outcomes
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Control Chart n A tool of Perform Quality control n To determine whether or not a process is stable or has predictable performance n Illustrates how a process behaves over time n Determines if a process is functioning within set limits
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Cost-Benefit Analysis n A tool of Quality Planning n Benefit: less rework – higher productivity, lower cost, and increased stakeholder satisfaction n Cost: Expense associated with Project Quality Management activities
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Cost of Quality (COQ) n A tool of Quality Planning n Includes prevention costs, appraisal costs, and failure costs n Cost of nonconformance: Rework, scrap, warranty costs
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Customer Satisfaction n Requires a combination of conformance to requirements and fitness for use
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Defect Repair Reviews n A tool of Perform Quality control n To ensure that product defects are repaired and brought into compliance with requirements or specifications
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Design of Experiments (DOE) n A tool of Quality Planning n A statistical method n Identifies which factors may influence specific variable of products or processes
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Flowcharting n A tool of Perform Quality control n Shows how various elements of a system interrelate n Helps the project team anticipate what and where quality problem might occur
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Gold Plating n Giving customer extras n Unsuccessful project
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Grade n A category assigned to products or services having the same functional use but different technical characteristics
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Histogram n A tool of Perform Quality control n A bar chart showing a distribution of variables
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Inspection n A tool of Perform Quality control n Examination of a work product to determine whether it confirms to standards n Also called reviews, peer reviews, audits, and walkthroughs n Also used to validate defect repairs
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Just in Time n Brings the amount of inventory down to zero level
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Management Responsibility n Project manager is ultimately responsible for quality management n Success require the participation of all member of the team, but it remains the responsibility of management to provide the resources needed to succeed
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Marginal Analysis n The concept of optimal quality level is reached at the point where the incremental revenue from product improvement equals the incremental cost to secure
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Pareto Chart n A tool of Perform Quality control n A specific type of histogram ordered by frequency of occurrence n Shows how many defects were generated by type or category of identified cause n 80/20 principle: 80 percent of the problems are due to 20 percent of the causes
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Perform Quality Assurance n To ensure the project employs all processes needed to meet requirement n Tools and techniques 1. Quality audits 2. Process analysis
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Perform Quality Control n Monitoring specific project results to determine whether they comply with relevant quality standards n Identifying ways to eliminate causes of unsatisfactory performance n Tools and techniques 1. Cause and effect diagram 2. Control charts 3. Flowcharting 4. Histogram 5. Pareto chart 6. Run chart 7. Scatter diagram 8. Statistical sampling 9. Inspection 10. Defect repair review
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Precision n Consistency that the value of repeated measurements are clustered and have little scatter
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Prevention over Inspection n The cost of preventing mistakes is generally much less than the cost of correcting them, as revealed by inspection.
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Process Analysis n A tool of Perform Quality Assurance n Follows the step outlined in the process improvement plan n To identify needed improvements from an organizational and technical standpoint n Examines problems experienced, constrains experienced, and non-value-added activities identified during process operation
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Process Improvement Plan n A output of Quality Planning n Details the step for analyzing processes n A subsidiary of the project management plan
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Product Scope Description n Often contains details of technical issues and other concerns that can affect quality planning
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Quality Audit n A tool of Perform Quality Assurance n A structured, independent review to determine where project activities comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures. n To identify inefficient and ineffective policies, process, and procedures in use on project n Results in a reduces cost of quality and an increase in the percentage of acceptance of the product or service
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Quality Planning n Identifying which quality standards are relevant to the project and how to satisfy them n Tools and techniques 1. Cost-benefit analysis 2. Benchmarking 3. Design of experiments 4. Cost of quality
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Rule of Seven n Seven data points in a row on one side of mean n An assignable cause
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Run Chart n A tool of Perform Quality control n A line graph shows data points plotted in the order in which they occur n Shows history and pattern of variation n Shows trends in a process over time n Shows variation over time n Shows declines or improvements in a process over time
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Scatter Diagram n A tool of Perform Quality control n Shows the pattern of relationship between two variables n Dependent variables versus independent variables are plotted n The closer the points are to a diagonal line, the more closely they are related
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Six Sigma n 1 sigma – 68.26% n 2 sigma – 95.46% n 3 sigma – 99.73% n 6 sigma – 99.99%
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Standard Deviation n A measure of how far the measurement is form the mean
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Statistical Sampling n A tool of Perform Quality control n Involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection n Can reduce the cost of quality control n Testing the entire population would take too long
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Trend Analysis n Performed using run chart n Forecasts outcomes based on historical results
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Variables Sampling n The result is rated on a continuous scale that measures the degree of conformity n Size, shape, weight
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